The Old Testament has a vivid description of how the prophet Jonah disobeyed God and set sail in the wrong direction. Due to Jonah's defiance, a terrible storm begins. To save the other sailors, he orders them to throw him into the sea, where he is swallowed by a whale. Jonah spends three days inside the belly of the huge creature, maintaining his hope and faith. Eventually, he emerges unscathed, finding himself exactly where God had sent him.
In New Testament times, the story of Jonah was also popular because it was seen as a prophecy of Christ's resurrection on the third day after his death.
Such an exotic plot is extremely rare in Russian Orthodox iconography, unlike Western painting.
Occasionally, depictions of the whale—or rather some fish—do appear. For instance, in icons depicting the life of Jonah.
However, there are rare icons where the central theme is the miraculous "vomiting" of Jonah from the belly of the beast. One such 18th-century icon is in the Museum of the History of Orthodoxy in Siberia in Tobolsk.
Another icon from the same period, but presumably from Central Russia, is kept in a private collection.
In both cases, the author is unknown, but it is interesting that both whales resemble each other—and more closely resemble catfish or some fantastical fish-monsters.