In the mid-17th century, the Russians began exploring the Chukotka Peninsula, where they encountered fierce resistance from the local nomadic reindeer herders. For a century and a half, they fanatically fought against the tsarist authority. "The Chukchi are a strong, tall, brave people with broad shoulders, robust constitution, judicious, just, warlike, freedom-loving, intolerant of deception, vengeful during war, and when in danger, they kill themselves" — wrote Russian officer Dmitry Pavlutsky. From early childhood, the Chukchi were taught to develop their bodies, easily endure hunger, and sleep little. Almost daily, the nomads engaged in wrestling or organized spear duels. In battle, the Chukchi skillfully wielded not only the spear but also the bow, knife, lasso for reindeer, dart thrower for bird hunting, and even the shepherd's staff. The Chukchi did not use shields, but their developed agility helped them dodge the arrows of their eternal neighbors and adversaries — the Koryaks, who had submitted to Russia. Nevertheless, the warriors' bodies from head to knees were protected by lamellar (plated) armor made of iron, walrus tusk, or whale baleen. The warriors secretly covered many kilometers on reindeer and dog sleds to suddenly attack enemy settlements and completely burn them down. Entire Cossack detachments sometimes perished in their ambushes. The nomads did not fear death. When captured, they starved themselves until they died. In battles with the Russians, the Chukchi suffered heavy losses but did not surrender. Eventually, it was decided to simply negotiate with the local leaders — the toyons. In 1779, Chukotka was officially annexed to the empire. However, the Chukchi retained full autonomy in internal affairs. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, many of them had no idea they were Russian subjects.