New Year’s is one of the most beloved holidays in Russia. But behind the sparkle of Christmas ornaments and the festive spirit lies a rich history. How did the tradition of decorating the tree begin, when did gift-giving start, and where do Ded Moroz and Snegurochka come from—and why don’t they live together? Learn about all this and more in the article below. The Origins of Ded Moroz The image of Ded Moroz has deep roots in Slavic mythology. His prototype was considered to be various spirits of winter and frost, such as Treskun, Studenets, and Karachun. Initially, this character, embodying the harsh winter elements, was far from today’s kind wizard. In ancient Slavic tradition, Ded Moroz was perceived as a dark pagan deity, a spirit of cold associated with the world of the dead. He gave no gifts. On the contrary, people brought him offerings to appease the mighty spirit and survive the cold winter. The idea of children or grandchildren connected to this fearsome deity was entirely absent. After the adoption of Christianity, pagan images gradually transformed. In folk tales, Morozko appeared—a character who could both punish bad deeds and reward kindness and hard work. In 19th-century literature, the image of the winter wizard continued to develop, gaining softer traits. For instance, in V.F. Odoevsky’s fairy tale “Moroz Ivanovich,” he appears as a fair and generous old man. Ded Moroz finally became the main symbol of New Year’s celebrations in Soviet times. After the 1917 Revolution, Christmas celebrations and associated traditions, including the Christmas tree, were banned as religious remnants. However, in the mid-1930s, authorities decided to return a festive holiday for children, but as a New Year’s celebration instead of Christmas. Ded Moroz was then actively promoted as a kind wizard bringing New Year’s gifts. His appearance was also standardized: a long coat (usually blue, white, or red), a hat, felt boots, and a staff. Snegurochka: A Younger Character Unlike Ded Moroz, Snegurochka is a relatively young character. Although motifs about a girl made of snow appeared in Russian folklore, they had no direct connection to the New Year holiday. For instance, in Alexander Afanasyev’s famous collection of “Russian Folk Tales,” there is a story about Snegurochka—a girl sculpted from snow by an elderly couple without children. In spring, this Snegurochka melts after jumping over a fire. Mentions of Snegurochka are also found in ritual songs and carols. Snegurochka became widely known thanks to A.N. Ostrovsky’s fairy-tale play “The Snow Maiden” (1873), influenced by Afanasyev’s collected tales and songs. Initially, the play was met with confusion, but after composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov created an opera of the same name, it achieved great success. In Ostrovsky’s version, Snegurochka is the daughter of Frost and Spring who longs to be among humans and falls in love with the shepherd Lel, ultimately perishing under the rays of the sun. This work largely shaped the modern image of Snegurochka. Snegurochka’s “homeland,” based on Ostrovsky’s play, is considered to be Kostroma, where the writer’s estate, Shchelykovo, was located. Her “Tower” is also situated there. As Ded Moroz’s permanent companion and granddaughter, Snegurochka began appearing in children’s New Year’s events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This duo was firmly established during the Soviet era, becoming inseparable at all New Year celebrations. There is also a practical explanation for her presence: during winter festivities, Ded Moroz needed an assistant. Together, it was easier to organize activities for children, games, and contests. Additionally, Snegurochka often acts as an intermediary between the wizard and children, helping them overcome shyness. The Tradition of Decorating the Tree The tradition of decorating a tree during winter festivities is very old and exists in many cultures. In Russia, the custom of setting up a tree for Christmas was introduced by Peter I after his return from Europe in the late 17th century. Initially, however, this tradition did not take root among the general population. Interest in the Christmas tree resurfaced in the 19th century, especially among urban aristocracy and intellectuals. Trees were decorated with candles, sweets, nuts, apples, and handmade ornaments, becoming a symbol of family warmth and celebration. After the Revolution, the tree was banned as a symbol of a religious holiday, and in 1935, it was “rehabilitated” but as a New Year’s tree instead of a Christmas tree. The red five-pointed star replaced the Bethlehem Star at the top, and ornaments often reflected Soviet symbols and achievements. Gift-Giving on New Year’s The tradition of giving New Year’s gifts in Russia dates back to the 18th century during Catherine II’s reign, who received expensive presents and inspired ordinary people to exchange sweets—candies and gingerbread. Over time, the tradition became popular among all social classes. In the 19th century, gifts began to be placed under the tree, becoming part of New Year’s celebrations. In 1935, with the revival of New Year’s holidays, Ded Moroz began distributing sweet gifts to children at the Kremlin’s Christmas tree. This marked the start of mass production of New Year’s sweet sets, which quickly gained popularity. New Year in Soviet Times In Soviet times, New Year became a secular holiday accessible to all citizens, regardless of religion. Officially, January 1 as New Year’s Day was established in 1948. Authorities worked to separate New Year’s symbols from religious ones, creating new traditions. Traditional dishes, like Olivier salad, herring under a fur coat, and aspic, appeared; the five-pointed red star replaced the Bethlehem star atop the tree, and electric garlands replaced wax candles. During this period, the modern image of Ded Moroz in a red costume was formed, Snegurochka became his constant companion, and gifts under the tree became an integral part of the holiday. Writing letters to Ded Moroz, children’s morning performances, and Soviet-themed ornaments became popular. The Kremlin Christmas tree became an annual grand event, and the New Year’s address from the country’s leader became a tradition. Modern New Year in Russia Today, New Year in Russia is a joyful and colorful holiday celebrated from December 31 to January 1. Cities are decorated with garlands and trees, markets and concerts are held everywhere. At home, families gather around the table with traditional dishes like Olivier salad and herring under a fur coat while experimenting with new recipes. Gifts are exchanged, New Year’s movies are watched, and wishes are made at midnight while listening to the President’s speech. New Year’s holidays begin—a time for rest and entertainment. People travel, attend theater and concerts, or enjoy winter activities. Many launch fireworks, visit friends, or throw parties. Some watch New Year’s shows on TV or online, while others attend city celebrations or special holiday performances.