Surgery (cutting) occupied a significant part in several medical texts. Surgeons in Rus' were categorized into bone-setters (orthopedists), blood-letters or rudometovs (experts in bloodletting), and tooth-pullers (dentists). The medical texts described techniques for trepanning the skull, abdominal surgery (laparotomy), and amputations. Original designs of prostheses for the lower limbs were also included. Anesthesia was performed using herbal preparations: mandrake, opium poppy, and their wine tinctures. Tools (saws, scissors, chisels, axes, and probes) were sterilized by passing them through fire. Wounds were recommended to be treated with birch sap, wine, ash, and sewn up with fibers of flax, hemp, or thin threads from animal intestines. A magnetic iron ore was used to remove metallic objects (e.g., arrow tips).